![]() This involves measuring mass of reagent that reacts completely with the sample. Indicators are added to the solution mixtures to produce an observable physical change at the end-point or near equivalence point ii. ![]() The two values are usually different and the difference gives the titration error. Equivalence point is a point in titration when the amount of standard solution added is exactly equal to the amount of the sample whereas end-point is the point in titration when a physical change occurs that is associated with a condition of chemical equivalence. Equivalence point and end-point are confused to mean the same but they are totally different. Back titration is the process by which the excess of the standard solution used to consume the sample is determined by titration with a second standard solution. Titration is the process in which the standard reagent is added to a solution of the sample until the reaction is judged to be complete. The reagent of exactly known concentration is refered to as standard reagent. This involves measuring volume of solution of known concentration that is needed to react completely with the sample. Titrimetric methods include powerful group of quantitative procedures that are based on measuring the amount of reagent consumed by the analyte. ![]() The volume or mass of the reagent needed to react completely with a fixed quantity of the analyte is obtained from which the amount of analyte is determined. Titration is based on a reaction between the analyte (unknown sample) and the regent of known concentration and reaction stoichiometry. TITRIMETRIC MTHODS Titrimetric methods are widely used in chemistry to determine oxidants, reductants, acids, bases, metal ions, etc.
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